U he hive oversampling
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The concentrations range significantly the lowest Fe concentration presented is 0.70 ppm and the highest is 33.50 ppm, both in dark honey. For Cu, the averages are 0.29 and 0.56, respectively. For example, the average Mg in light honey is 19 ppm and in dark honey is 35 ppm. In “Honey, a comprehensive survey” by Crane ( 1979), an overview is presented of metals in honey, showing that dark honeys, often partly made from honeydew, contain higher concentrations of metals compared to light ones. Metals are a natural component of the bee’s food. The feature of the honeybee of unintentionally collecting non-floral particles makes the honeybee suitable for qualitative bioindication, providing information about the environment. The number of foraging trips varies from some hundreds to many thousands of trips per day, resulting in hundreds to many thousands microsamples accumulated in the honeybee colony in the hive. The number of foragers, actively collecting food, depends on the colony size, the colony’s need for pollen, nectar, water and propolis, the availability of food and the time of year. In the active foraging period of the honeybee colony, about a quarter of the colony’s population is a forager bee. In this way, each honeybee can act as an environment microsampler and a honeybee colony as a sampler unit.
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In addition to pollen collected from the anthers, the branched hairs on the bee’s body easily hold non-floral particles originating from atmospheric deposition.
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Honeybees also collect the sweet aphid secretion, called honeydew, from the leaves. For qualitative bioindication studies, regional, local and land use effects should be taken into account.Īlong with collecting nectar, pollen, water and propolis, honeybees pick up particles deposited in the flowers and other places where bees collect resins (propolis) and water. The results indicate the impact of land use on metal concentrations in honeybees. We conclude that (1) the ratio between metal concentrations varies per region, demonstrating spatial differences, and (2) there is in-region local variation per metal. The results indicated that in apiaries located in >50 % wooded areas, significantly higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti and Zn were found compared to agricultural, urban and mixed land use areas. The vicinity of the apiaries was mapped afterwards and characterised as land uses of >50 % agricultural area, >50 % wooded area, >50 % urban area and mixed land use within a circle of 28 km 2 around the apiary. In-region variation was demonstrated, indicating local effects. In apiaries in the east of the Netherlands, Al, Ba, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Ti are found in higher concentrations compared to the west. The overall picture showed a regional pattern. As, Li, Sb, Sn and V were detected in part of the apiaries. All metals could be detected in all apiaries. The apiary sample was analysed for Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn.
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Per apiary, the hive samples were pooled. In each apiary, five colonies were sampled. In June 2008, a surveillance study for metals in honeybees was performed in the Netherlands.